Introduction A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals. Reefs are made up ofcoral polyps held together by calcium carbonate. Cnidaria, which includes corals, sea anemones, andjellyfish, belongs to the class Anthozoa. Unlike sea anemones, corals secrete hard carbonateexoskeletons that support and protect the coral reef. Most reefs grow best in warm,…

Introduction Deep-sea exploration is the investigation of the physical, chemical and biological conditions of ocean waters and the seabed for scientific or commercial purposes. Deep-sea exploration is a component of underwater exploration and is considered a relatively recent human activity compared to other fields of geophysical research, as the deep depths of the sea have…

Introduction     Seaweeds are thousands of species of macroscopic, multicellular marine algae. This term includes several types of Rhodophyta (red), Phaeophyta (brown) and Chlorophyta (green)macroalgae. Seaweed species such as kelps provide essential nursery habitat for fisheries and other marine species, providing food security for marine life, while other species such as planktonic algae capture…

Introduction of aquatic life Aquatic life are plants, animals, and other organisms that live in the salt water of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. At a fundamental level, marine life affects the nature of the Earth. Marine organisms, mostly microbes, produce oxygen and sequester carbon. Aquatic life, in part, shapes…

Introduction Underwater exploration is the exploration of any underwater environment by remote observation and measurement, either by the explorer going underwater or under the guidance of investigators. Accordingly, underwater exploration is the most effective way to increase understanding of oceans and other underwater areas so that they can be effectively managed, conserved, regulated, and their…